9_R
- hrafnulf13
- Oct 23, 2020
- 2 min read
Updated: Oct 28, 2020
Charts useful in statistics and data representation
There plenty of charts and diagrams that can be used for data representation and visualization in statistics, for example [1].
Here are charts and graphs that are mostly used [2, 3]:
Bar graph. A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that represents categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths that proportional to the values that they represent [4]. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. It shows comparisons among discrete categories. One axis of the chart shows the specific categories being compared, and the other axis represents a measured value. Some bar graphs present bars clustered in groups of more than one, showing the values of more than one measured variable .
Pie chart. A pie chart is a circular statistical graph, which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion [5]. Here, the arc length of each slice is proportional to the quantity it represents. By looking at all of the pie pieces, viewer can compare how much of the data fits in each category, or slice.
Histogram. A histogram is an approximate representation of the distribution of numerical data [6]. To construct a histogram, the first step is to divide the entire range of values into a series of intervals and then count how many values fall into each interval (bin). The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The bins must be adjacent, and are often (but not required to be) of equal size
Scatterplots. A scatterplot is a type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of data [7]. The data are displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis. A scatterplot usually looks like a line or curve moving up or down from left to right along the graph with points "scattered" along the line. The scatterplot helps you uncover more information about any data set, including:
The trend among variables (if the trend is upward or downward)
Outliers from the overall trend.
The shape of the trend.
The strength of the trend.
Line Graphs. A line chart displays information as a series of data points called 'markers' connected by straight line segments [8]. It is similar to a scatterplot but the measurement points are ordered (typically by their x-axis value) and joined with straight line segments. A line chart is often used to visualize a trend in data over intervals of time, called a time series. A time-series graph displays data at different points in time, which measures trends over time, but the timeframe can be minutes, hours, days, months, years, decades, or centuries.
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